It’s remarkable how we still know so little about the vastly used electric cars. Seriously, ask yourself – how much do I know about electric car batteries environmental impact? Doesn’t it bug you that you’re unaware of the extent of the vehicle’s environmental impact that you’re religiously using?
Hmm, we got you if you’d like to rectify this situation. To be fair, there are many myths and facts that you must already know. But it’s finally time to debunk all of it. Don’t worry, our article has apt information – thanks to all the intellectual writers focusing on this matter and publishing research papers and reports.
So, without further ado, let’s get rolling – no pun intended.
What Is the Environmental Impact of Mining for Electric Cars
Although the keyword here is ‘green,’ it might not be the case all the time. The boom in electric cars has unleashed the need for higher lithium extraction and supply.
Unfortunately, the negatives of lithium include damage to air, soil, water, and nature. With increasing mining demand, the race to extract white oil increases, leading to more significant environmental pollution.
Battery Pollution from Electric Cars
As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates worldwide, it’s crucial to examine the environmental implications of their batteries, specifically lithium-ion batteries. These batteries, while pivotal to the operation of EVs, pose environmental challenges that need to be thoroughly understood and addressed. This section delves into the lifecycle of lithium-ion batteries, from material extraction to end-of-life management, highlighting the key areas where pollution occurs and what can be done to mitigate it.
Mining and Material Extraction
The journey of a lithium-ion battery begins with the extraction of raw materials. This phase is resource-intensive and can have significant environmental impacts.
Lithium Mining
Lithium is primarily extracted from brine pools and hard rock mining. Brine extraction involves pumping lithium-rich water from underground pools to the surface and allowing it to evaporate in large ponds, leaving behind lithium carbonate. This method is commonly used in South America’s lithium triangle, comprising Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. However, it is water-intensive, often consuming vast amounts of water from already arid regions. In Chile’s Salar de Atacama, lithium mining consumes about 65% of the region’s water, affecting local farmers and ecosystems.
Table 1: Environmental Impact of Lithium Mining Methods
| Mining Method | Region | Water Usage | Environmental Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brine Extraction | South America | High | Depletion of water resources, affects agriculture |
| Hard Rock Mining | Australia, China | Moderate | Landscape disruption, habitat loss |
Cobalt and Nickel Mining
Cobalt, another critical element, is predominantly sourced from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The mining conditions in the DRC are often perilous, involving child labor and severe human rights abuses. Moreover, the extraction processes can lead to significant soil and water contamination due to the improper disposal of mining waste.
Nickel, essential for battery cathodes, is mainly mined in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Russia. Nickel mining has led to deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution in these regions. The environmental degradation caused by nickel mining poses severe risks to local biodiversity and community health.
Table 2: Key Issues in Cobalt and Nickel Mining
| Material | Main Source | Human Rights Issues | Environmental Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cobalt | Democratic Republic of Congo | Child labor, unsafe working conditions | Soil and water contamination |
| Nickel | Indonesia, Philippines, Russia | Low to moderate | Deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution |
Manufacturing Process
The manufacturing phase of lithium-ion batteries is energy-intensive. It involves several stages, each contributing to the overall environmental footprint.
Energy Consumption
The production process includes electrode production, cell assembly, and battery pack assembly. Each step requires significant energy input, often derived from non-renewable sources. This high energy consumption contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. According to a study by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute, producing a lithium-ion battery for a midsize EV can emit between 150 to 200 kilograms of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of battery capacity. For a 60 kWh battery, this translates to 9 to 12 tons of CO2 emissions.
Table 3: CO2 Emissions from Battery Manufacturing
| Battery Capacity (kWh) | CO2 Emissions (kg/kWh) | Total CO2 Emissions (tons) |
|---|---|---|
| 30 | 150-200 | 4.5-6 |
| 60 | 150-200 | 9-12 |
| 100 | 150-200 | 15-20 |
Usage Phase
During their operational phase, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which significantly reduces urban air pollution. This is one of the most prominent environmental benefits of electric vehicles.
Renewable Energy Integration
The environmental benefits of EVs are maximized when they are charged using electricity from renewable sources such as wind, solar, or hydroelectric power. This reduces the reliance on fossil fuels and significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions. Conversely, in regions where coal or natural gas dominate the energy mix, the emissions associated with electricity generation can diminish the overall environmental advantages of EVs.
Table 4: Impact of Energy Mix on EV Emissions
| Energy Source | Emissions (g CO2/kWh) | Environmental Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Coal | 820 | High emissions, diminishes EV benefits |
| Natural Gas | 490 | Moderate emissions, better than coal |
| Solar | 48 | Low emissions, maximizes EV benefits |
| Wind | 11 | Very low emissions, maximizes EV benefits |
| Hydro | 24 | Low emissions, maximizes EV benefits |
End-of-Life Management
The disposal and recycling of lithium-ion batteries pose significant environmental challenges. Proper end-of-life management is crucial to minimize their environmental impact.
Recycling Challenges
Recycling lithium-ion batteries is a complex and costly process. It involves disassembling the batteries and recovering valuable materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Current recycling rates are low, with less than 5% of lithium-ion batteries being recycled globally. Enhancing recycling technologies and infrastructure is essential to address this issue.
Environmental Risks
Improper disposal of lithium-ion batteries can lead to soil and water contamination due to the leakage of toxic substances. Additionally, batteries that end up in landfills can pose fire hazards.
Potential Solutions and Innovations
Improved Recycling Technologies
Advancements in recycling technologies are critical for reducing the environmental impact of lithium-ion batteries. Innovative processes such as hydrometallurgical and direct recycling methods show promise in increasing material recovery rates and reducing energy consumption during recycling.
Second-Life Applications
Repurposing used EV batteries for secondary applications, such as energy storage for renewable energy systems, can extend their lifespan and reduce the demand for new batteries. This approach not only mitigates waste but also supports the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid.
Sustainable Sourcing
Efforts to improve the sustainability of raw material sourcing are underway. Initiatives such as the Responsible Cobalt Initiative aim to address human rights issues in cobalt mining. Additionally, companies are exploring alternative materials that could reduce dependence on environmentally and socially problematic resources.
While electric vehicles offer significant environmental benefits, particularly in reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions during their use phase, the full lifecycle of lithium-ion batteries presents several environmental challenges. From resource extraction and manufacturing to end-of-life disposal, each stage has associated environmental impacts that must be addressed.
To fully realize the environmental potential of electric vehicles, it is essential to invest in sustainable mining practices, improve battery manufacturing efficiency, enhance recycling technologies, and develop second-life applications for used batteries. By taking a holistic approach to the lifecycle of lithium-ion batteries, we can work towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future for electric transportation.
Facts and Myths About Electric Cars Batteries
Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly gaining popularity as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. However, there are many myths and misconceptions surrounding the batteries that power these vehicles. This post aims to distinguish between facts and myths about electric vehicle batteries, providing a comprehensive understanding of their impact, benefits, and challenges.
Myth 1: Electric Vehicle Batteries Have a Short Lifespan
Fact:
Modern electric vehicle batteries are designed to last a long time. Advances in battery technology have significantly increased their durability and longevity. The average lifespan of a lithium-ion battery in an electric vehicle is around 8 to 15 years, depending on various factors such as usage patterns, environmental conditions, and maintenance practices.
Details:
Manufacturers often provide warranties for EV batteries that last 8 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first. Some EVs, like the Tesla Model S, have shown the capability to retain over 80% of their battery capacity even after driving 200,000 miles. Regular software updates and battery management systems also play a crucial role in extending the life of EV batteries.
Myth 2: EV Batteries Are Not Environmentally Friendly
Fact:
While the production and disposal of electric vehicle batteries have environmental impacts, these are often outweighed by the overall environmental benefits of using EVs, especially when considering the entire lifecycle of the vehicle.
Details:
The manufacturing process of lithium-ion batteries does involve significant energy consumption and raw material extraction, which can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. However, the operational phase of EVs, where they produce zero tailpipe emissions, greatly reduces air pollution and carbon footprints.
Table 1: Lifecycle Emissions Comparison
| Vehicle Type | Production Emissions (tons CO2) | Operational Emissions (tons CO2 per 100,000 miles) | Total Lifecycle Emissions (tons CO2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gasoline Vehicle | 7 | 33 | 40 |
| Electric Vehicle | 12 | 6 (assuming renewable energy for charging) | 18 |
Myth 3: Recycling EV Batteries Is Not Feasible
Fact:
Recycling technologies for electric vehicle batteries are continuously improving, making the recycling process more efficient and economically viable. Current methods can recover a substantial portion of valuable materials, reducing the need for new raw material extraction.
Details:
Companies are investing in advanced recycling processes such as hydrometallurgical and direct recycling, which can recover up to 95% of the materials in a lithium-ion battery, including lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Additionally, repurposing batteries for secondary applications, such as energy storage systems, extends their useful life and reduces waste.
Table 2: Material Recovery Rates in Battery Recycling
| Material | Recovery Rate (%) |
|---|---|
| Lithium | 95 |
| Cobalt | 90 |
| Nickel | 95 |
| Copper | 100 |
Myth 4: EV Batteries Pose a High Fire Risk
Fact:
While any type of battery can pose a fire risk if damaged or improperly handled, the incidence of fires in electric vehicle batteries is extremely low. Modern EVs are equipped with sophisticated safety systems designed to minimize the risk of battery fires.
Details:
Statistics show that EVs are less likely to catch fire compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. For instance, a study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) found that electric vehicles have fewer fires per 100,000 vehicles than gasoline-powered cars. Battery management systems monitor temperature, voltage, and current, ensuring the safe operation of EV batteries.
Myth 5: EV Batteries Cannot Function Well in Extreme Temperatures
Fact:
Electric vehicle batteries are designed to perform efficiently in a wide range of temperatures. However, extreme heat or cold can affect battery performance temporarily, but this is managed through advanced thermal management systems.
Details:
EV manufacturers incorporate thermal management systems to regulate battery temperature, ensuring optimal performance. In cold weather, pre-conditioning features allow the battery to warm up before use, improving efficiency and range. Similarly, cooling systems prevent overheating during high-temperature conditions.
Myth 6: The Raw Materials for EV Batteries Are Running Out
Fact:
Although the demand for raw materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel is increasing, there is currently no imminent shortage. Additionally, ongoing research is focused on finding alternative materials and improving battery recycling to reduce dependency on these resources.
Details:
Innovations in battery chemistry, such as the development of solid-state batteries and the use of alternative materials like sodium-ion and silicon-based anodes, aim to reduce reliance on critical materials. Furthermore, expanding recycling capabilities will help recover materials from used batteries, contributing to a more sustainable supply chain.
Myth 7: EV Batteries Require Frequent Replacement
Fact:
Electric vehicle batteries are designed to last for many years and do not require frequent replacement. The degradation rate of modern lithium-ion batteries is much slower than commonly perceived.
Details:
Studies have shown that after 100,000 miles of use, most EV batteries retain around 80-90% of their original capacity. Continuous advancements in battery technology, including improvements in battery chemistry and management systems, further enhance the longevity and reliability of EV batteries.
Electric vehicle batteries are often surrounded by myths and misconceptions that can obscure the true benefits and challenges associated with them. By understanding the facts, we can better appreciate the technological advancements and efforts being made to address environmental and operational concerns. As EV technology continues to evolve, the future looks promising for more sustainable and efficient electric transportation.
How Environmentally Friendly Are Electric Cars?
As we can already tell, electric cars are extremely clean and green. But to what extent is the question. Electric vehicles may be the first of many creations with a success rate that focuses on curbing oil usage and conserving nature.
Needless to say, electric cars are much more climate-friendly than other traditional four-wheelers, but they still have environmental impacts on us and the earth that can’t be unseen. The biggest worries about electric cars depend on how they are manufactured and charged.
Let’s take a quick review of some of the signs.
- Electricity – One of the significant electric car batteries environmental impact comes from electricity production. Numerous amount of coal burns to charge these revolutionary vehicles. Here’s a simple comparison that can put both parties to the test.An electric car can produce 189grams of carbon dioxide on average per mile, whereas a fuel-induced car could make 385grams. So, it’s more of a gamble for the users.
- Raw Materials – Raw materials such as rare earth components, lithium, and cobalt utilized in lithium-ion cells can be gravely dangerous for humankind, especially cobalt, which has hazardous slags and tailings that eventually lead to nature and humans.
Pros and Cons of Electric Cars on the Environment
Wondering how to know the actual worth of electric cars? Come and look at the pros and cons of owning an electric vehicle. It can illuminate you on various topics, which might lead you to understand the situation better.
The Pros of Electric Cars on the Environment
- You can save a ton of money as you don’t have to spend an arm and a leg on gas to fuel your vehicle.
- Electricity isn’t finite and renewable. Thus, it might merely take sufficient water and wind power to generate electricity which is much more viable than fuel.
- Although the effects are still there, it’s considerably lower compared to fuel-charged cars. You will contribute to lesser greenhouse effects and gas emissions.
- Believe it or not, electric cars require lower maintenance. And it’s obvious because you don’t need frequent tank fills or visit the gas stations. Generic EV charging stations or portable EV chargers can do the job for you. On top of that, regular wear and tear repairs are also lower with electric cars.
- Lastly, users believe that electric cars have a smoother and quieter performance, contributing to lower noise pollution. It’s a huge plus for people who love efficient brakes and overall faster response and performance in cars.
The Cons of Electric Cars on the Environment
- It’s evident that electric cars aren’t always budget-friendly. These are superior choices. Thus, they are pricier than traditional cars.
- Charging an electric car via portable EV chargers or other alternatives can be lengthy. You will have to set it sufficiently so it performs adequately.
- One of the downsides of owning an electric car is that it wouldn’t give as much mileage as traditional vehicles do. Electric cars can only commit to 60 to 100 or 250 to 350 miles per charge.
- How often do you see an EV charging station? Yes, rarely. It’s a no-brainer that these technologies are only up and coming; thus, finding appropriate resources such as electric car filling stations is tough to locate.
Environmental Impact of Battery Production and Disposal
Honestly, standard household batteries might have a few getaways. Unfortunately, the case isn’t always the same for car batteries. Here are a few impacts of battery production and disposal on the environment.
- When one disposes of car batteries improperly, they can end up in landfills leading to air and water pollution. Since they corrode over time, the chemicals get absorbed by the soil contaminating the water beneath eventually.
- Disposing of batteries improperly can release harmful corrosive acids and fluids into the environment. These can make their way to humans eventually and cause damage and burns to the skin or eyes. Some of the major chemicals and radiation could also lead to cancer and disabilities in humans.
- Manufacturing electric car batteries alone could emit around 74% of carbon dioxide to the environment. Having said that, even with its green initiative, when the vehicles are running, this rate will increase further.
Why Electric Cars Are Bad for the Economy: Are Electric Car Batteries Bad for the Environment?
Learning about the footprint of these vehicles would be insignificant if we didn’t fully understand electric car batteries environmental impacts on the economy.
Electric cars can generate colossal carbon dioxide emissions during and after manufacturing as they possess more energy stored in larger batteries. Since the electric car battery is more prominent with a higher range, the economic costs upon living beings are also higher.
Lastly, when corroded batteries chemicals soak within the ground, surface water, and soil, it can demolish the ecosystem as it severely harms animals, plants, and aquatic creatures.
On the other hand, EV cars can reduce fuel costs as consumers buy less oil and move to electrical resources. These additional savings can later be spent on other items.
Indirect Pollution from Electric Cars
Here’s the deal. The electric car’s battery is solely powered via emission-producing resources such as carbon.
As long as electric vehicles require charging in this manner and the battery production continues, there will be inevitable toxic fossil fuel impacts and emissions on the environment. Even though it’s an indirect polluting element, its effect is quite significant.
How Are Electric Car Batteries Disposed Of?
If your EV’s battery isn’t delivering the expected range and speed, you will most likely try to get rid of it. However, the battery’s lifespan doesn’t end there, as it could serve as electrical storage for another decade. Following this set of events, the battery will be recycled or dismantled sooner or later.
If not the former two, one can also dispose of the battery as hazardous equipment. There’s no thorough step-by-step process to coordinate the recycling, disposal, or collection of electric car batteries yet.
Why Electric Cars Are Better: Electric Cars Environmental Benefits
It’s time to see a few positives of electric car batteries environmental impact, don’t you think? Let’s get on with it then!
- Cheap to Run – Did you know that it costs 40% lesser to run an EV compared to traditional cars? Well, it’s a real game-changer.
- Less Pollution – Even if the cars haven’t reached their full green potential yet, they’ve generously reduced harmful exhaust emissions and air pollution.
- Renewable – Thankfully, to reduce the greenhouse effect to a minimum, you can charge electric cars via solar PV systems.
- Health Safety – Better air quality, fewer exhaust emissions, and a greener environment; who doesn’t love that idea? EVs are one step closer to being completely eco-friendly, significantly benefiting human lives.
How Do Lithium-Ion EV Batteries Violate Human Rights? How Scarce Is Lithium?
According to the United Nations, humans should have ‘access to safe, sufficient and affordable water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.’ With that being said, as we all know, lithium-ion is exceptionally harmful to the environment.
Moreover, the United Nations has also declared the following; ‘ having a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is a human right.’
Needless to say, materials utilized in EV cars, such as cobalt and lithium mining, violate every human right as it contaminates soil, air, and water. Furthermore, lithium mining is also accomplished in impoverished regions, with people below the poverty line working in unhealthy conditions.
A recent report from BNEF has also declared that there are 21 million tons of lithium reserves. This amount can safely guard the future EV car creations till mid-century.
What Is the Environmental Impact of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles?
Mining and Material Extraction
The production of lithium-ion batteries begins with the extraction of raw materials, primarily lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite. Mining these materials can have significant environmental repercussions.
Lithium Mining
Lithium is predominantly extracted from brine pools and hard rock mining. Brine extraction, common in South America, involves pumping lithium-rich water to the surface and evaporating it to leave behind lithium carbonate. This process can consume substantial amounts of water, potentially depleting local water resources and affecting ecosystems. In Chile’s Salar de Atacama, for example, lithium mining consumes 65% of the region’s water, impacting local agriculture and wildlife.
Cobalt and Nickel
Cobalt, a key component of lithium-ion batteries, is mainly mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where mining conditions often involve significant human rights abuses and child labor. Additionally, cobalt mining can lead to soil and water pollution due to improper disposal of mining waste. Nickel, another crucial element, is mined in various regions, including Indonesia and the Philippines, where mining operations have led to deforestation, soil erosion, and water contamination.
Manufacturing Process
The manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries is energy-intensive. The process involves several stages, including electrode production, cell assembly, and battery pack assembly. Each stage requires substantial energy, often sourced from fossil fuels, which can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
A study by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute found that manufacturing a lithium-ion battery for a midsize electric vehicle can emit between 150 to 200 kilograms of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of battery capacity. For a typical 60 kWh battery pack, this amounts to 9 to 12 tons of CO2 emissions.
Usage Phase
During their operational phase, electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, significantly reducing air pollution in urban areas. This is one of the most significant environmental benefits of EVs compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the overall environmental impact depends on the energy mix used to charge the batteries.
Renewable Energy Integration
When charged with electricity from renewable sources, such as wind, solar, or hydroelectric power, the environmental benefits of electric vehicles are maximized. This reduces the reliance on fossil fuels and cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions. However, in regions where coal or natural gas dominate the energy mix, the emissions associated with electricity generation can diminish the environmental advantages of EVs.
End-of-Life Management
The end-of-life phase of lithium-ion batteries presents significant environmental challenges. Proper recycling and disposal are critical to minimizing environmental impact.
Recycling Challenges
Recycling lithium-ion batteries is a complex and costly process. The batteries must be disassembled, and valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel need to be extracted and purified. Current recycling rates are low, with less than 5% of lithium-ion batteries being recycled globally. Improving recycling technologies and infrastructure is essential to mitigate the environmental impact.
Environmental Risks
Improper disposal of lithium-ion batteries can lead to soil and water contamination due to the leakage of toxic substances such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Additionally, batteries that end up in landfills can pose a fire hazard.
Potential Solutions and Innovations
Improved Recycling Technologies
Advancements in recycling technologies are crucial for reducing the environmental impact of lithium-ion batteries. Innovative processes such as hydrometallurgical and direct recycling methods show promise in increasing material recovery rates and reducing energy consumption during recycling.
Second-Life Applications
Repurposing used EV batteries for secondary applications, such as energy storage for renewable energy systems, can extend their lifespan and reduce the demand for new batteries. This approach not only mitigates waste but also supports the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid.
Sustainable Sourcing
Efforts to improve the sustainability of raw material sourcing are underway. Initiatives such as the Responsible Cobalt Initiative aim to address human rights issues in cobalt mining. Additionally, companies are exploring alternative materials that could reduce dependence on environmentally and socially problematic resources.
Problems if All Cars Were Electric
Millions of Electric Car Batteries Will Retire in the Next Decade. What Happens to Them?
The need to properly dispose of EV car batteries is overflowing. It has led to many research centers and recycling startups figuring out how to dispose of and dismantle dead batteries. Establishing this flow of first to second life can also reduce the toxicity produced by lead-acid batteries.
Fortunately, many facilities in Africa are safely recycling batteries. There are significant obstacle courses ahead for millions of EV cars that will retire in the following decades.
This means that organizations are coming up with ways to create multiple electric cars charging options that are safe and eco-friendly. One of the promising aspects of research is hydrometallurgical chemical leaching procedures due to their environmentally sensitive prospects.
In the end, there are still no quick fixes yet, but with thorough research, and trial and error, we can only hope for the best.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1. Are Electric Car Batteries Recyclable?
A) Lithium-ion and Lead-acid batteries utilized in portable EV chargers and vehicles are recyclable. However, they are not entirely. Although lead acid is the most recyclable, extracting the materials still needs further refinement.
Q2. Are Electric Car Batteries Hazardous?
A) Even though numerous recyclable batteries have populated the market, they eventually have toxic chemicals in possession. These eventually end up in landfills, making them even more hazardous.
Q3. What Are Electric Car Batteries Made Of?
A) There are two types of EV batteries, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion, utilized for Toyotas and Jaguars, respectively.
Q4. Are There Enough Minerals for Everyone to Drive an Electric Car?
A) Unfortunately, the resources are finite, and there aren't enough resources currently to build and drive electric cars for the entire population.
Q5. How Green Are Electric Vehicles?
A) The electric car batteries environmental impact are undeniably strong. Electric cars produce a significantly lower amount of ecological hazards, but they're not 100% safe yet.
Q6. Are Electric Greener Than Fossil Fuel Powered Cars?
A) An electric car battery is evidently very green, but these plug-in cars still have environmental impacts that could be hazardous for nature and the population.
These electrically powered cars are eco-friendly and greener compared to fuel powered ones. However, they can't be the ultimate solution as there's room for more significant improvement.
Q7. Where Do the Electric Car Batteries Go When They’re Empty?
A) When the desired range for a car deteriorates, one can still use it for its electrical storage for another decade. However, these electric car batteries are also recycled, dismantled, or disposed of sooner or later.
Q8. Will Car Battery Be Enough to Run Electric?
A) Unfortunately, no. Electric car batteries are never enough to power up a vehicle as it also requires AC and DC to charge up and run the car.
Final Words
Phew, let me tell you, it feels great to have discredited some of these awful rumors. If you’re an avid user of green products, you must know all the facts about electric car batteries environmental impact. At the end of the day, it’s our right to know where we’re putting our money, yes?
To boil it down, we have learned that the concepts of portable EV chargers and the electric car battery is a game-changer. However, this isn’t the finish line as it’s a ‘greener’ product but not the ‘greenest.’ There’s much room for future improvement in this sector.
Hopefully, a few years down the line, we will roll on a 100% environmentally friendly four-wheeler.
